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TUBERCULOSIS ( T.B)

What is tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease usually affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB). Other parts of the body can also be affected, for example lymph nodes, kidneys, bones, joints, etc. (extrapulmonary TB). Approximately 1,300 cases are reported each year in New York State.
Who gets tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis can affect anyone of any age. People with weakened immune systems are at increased risk.
How is tuberculosis spread?

Tuberculosis is spread through the air when a person with untreated pulmonary TB coughs or sneezes. Prolonged exposure to a person with untreated TB usually is necessary for infection to occur.
What is the difference between latent tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease?

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) means the person has the TB germ in their body (usually lungs), but has yet to develop obvious symptoms. In latent TB, the person has a significant reaction to the Mantoux skin test with no symptoms of tuberculosis, and no TB organisms found in the sputum. Tuberculosis disease indicates the person has symptoms, a significant reaction to a Mantoux skin test and organisms found in the sputum. In order to spread the TB germs, a person must have TB disease. Having latent TB infection is not enough to spread the germ. Tuberculosis may last for a lifetime as an infection, never developing into disease.
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

The symptoms of TB include a low-grade fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss and a persistent cough. Some people may not have obvious symptoms.

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MALARIA

This infection, caused by the Plasmodium parasite, is spread by the night-time - dusk to dawn - biting female Anopheles mosquito. This preventable disease affects more than 245 million people worldwide.

Of the four species of human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous. The other types of malaria are caused by Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae.

Travellers going to malaria endemic areas are at high risk. There are a number of options that travellers can take to prevent malaria, including anti-malarial medication, using anti-mosquito sprays, and permethrin treated bed nets.

For malaria risk areas worldwide and regions affected by anti-malarial drug resistance, see IAMAT's World Malaria Risk Chart. To learn more about the Plasmodium parasite lifecycle in vector mosquitos, mechanical and pharmaceutical protection guidelines, details on medication dosages, side-effects and contra-indications, as well as alternative measures for pregnant travellers, children, and people with special needs and drug sensitivities

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